General purpose film, co-extrusion and lamination Food packaging, freezer film, lamination and sealant film Food packaging, freezer film, lamination and sealant film Food packaging, freezer film, lamination and sealant film Food packaging, freezer film, lamination and sealant film Heavy duty shipping sacks, high strength packaging.
Food packaging, garment film, trash bags Food packaging, industrial packaging, liners Food packaging, industrial packaging, stretch wrap, blend. Trash bags, liners, general packaging Industrial liners, heavy duty bags Stretch wrap, blend resin, industrial packaging. InnoPlus LLA is recommended in blending formula for producing the general purpose films, liners, heavy duty films, food packaging and agricultural films.
InnoPlus LLA is recommended for cast stretch film and in blending formula for producing food packaging and general purpose films. Lamination film, thin liners, bags, coextruded films, consumer packaging, and other general-purpose applications. Lamination film, thin liners,bags, coextruded films, consumer packaging and other general- purpose applications. Shipping sacks, ice bags, frozen food bags, stretch wrap film, produce bags, liners, carrier bags, garbage bags, agricultural films, laminated and coextruded films for meat wrap, frozen food and other food packaging, shrink film for blending with LDPE , industrial consumer packaging, and high clarity film applications if blended with 10?
Ice bags, frozen food bags, produce bags, bread bags, carrier bags, garment bags, laminated films for food packaging. Lamination film, thin liners, shopping bags, carrier bags, garbage bags, coextruded films, consumer packaging and other general-purpose applications.
Cloth bag, carrier bag, thin layer coating, refuse bag, meat packaging and other food packaging or lamination film ,general purpose consumer packaging etc. Compounding for silane crosslinking low voltage power cable insulation, Compounding for halogen-free flame retardant cable, Other compounding.
Skin layers for non-cling stretch cast film, cast film side encapsulation, mid layer hygienic cast film and product to realize downgauging by stiffness enhancement. Heavy duty shipping sacks, ice bags, frozen food bags, potato bags and agriculture films. Heavy duty shipping sacks, lamination films, Ice and frozen food bags, agricultural films, stretch wrap films.
Heavy duty film, agriculture film, general purpose packaging film, stretch film, carrier bag, produce bag, etc. The grade is recommended for different range of wall thickness drip irrigation tubing for online drip laterals and flat as well as round emitting pipe. This grade is also recommended for artificial grass applications. Injection molding fitting element for butt -fusion and electro fusion socket and saddle welding pipe.
Chemical bottles, Chemical drums, Containing volume up to 30 liters , Personal and homecare bottles, Lube oil bottles, Brake fluid bottles. Personal and homecare bottles, Lube oil bottles, Brake fluid bottles, Chemical bottles, Milk bottles. Drinking water bottles containing volume up to 20 liter , milk bottles, fruit juice bottles, fish sauce gallons.
Medium size extrusion blow molded containers liters for household and industrial chemicals HIC , condiments and cooking oil. Rigid packaging, Food, beverage and condiment packaging, Bottles for personal care products, Bottles for household and industrial chemicals HIC.
It also can be used for the production of artificial grass monofilmaments. It is also particularly suitable for relatively thick film applications requiring superior mechanical strength and easy sealing like liners for containers and silos. It is designed for applications which req. It also can be used for the production of artificial grass monofilaments. For more demanding applications such as lamination and temporary surface protection,.
Heavy duty films, Stretch film, lamination films, liners, food packaging, multi-layer packaging film and freezer packaging films. Heavy duty films, stretch films, lamination films, liners, food packaging, multi-layer packaging film and freezer packaging films. Heavy duty films, cast stretch films, liners cast films, lamination films, blown films, food packaging and multi-layer packaging films.
Heavy duty films, lamination films, shrink film, stand-up pouches, multi-layer packaging films and freezer packaging films. Heavy duty films, lamination films, shrink film, agricultural film, food packaging, multi-layer packaging films and freezer packaging films.
Heavy duty films, Lamination films, Liners, Food packaging, Multi-layer packaging films and Freezer packaging films. Injection molding Appliance housings Household and sanitary appliances Toys Automotive components Consumer products. Injection molding Thin wall components for telecommunications Household and sanitary appliances Toys Automotive components Electroplating. It can also be used in capping the high impact polystyrene coextruded sheet for higher surface gloss and can be blended with impact modifier resin for clear packaging articles.
It is also recommended for cookie and cake trays that requires good organoleptics properties and can also be used for oriented polystyrene packaging products, artificial timber and light diffusers.
It can be used for food packaging and dairy products. Refrigerator liners for refrigerator inserts and door paneling Packaging applications for oily food and dairy products.
Sheet extrusion application. Household: internal parts of vacuum cleaners; refrigerator parts etc. Large housing parts as well as filigree, shapely designs parts. Wide range of injection molding applications , e. Air conditioner housings Refrigerator inner parts Kitchen and bathroom articles, Toys a variety of uses in the electronics and electrical appliances. Artificial jewelry, household articles such as jars and cutlery In high speed high productivity molding applications such as thin walled containers, multicavity small moldings, stationery products like scales etc.
Transparent parts for refrigerators such as fruit and vegetable crispers, chillers, flaps, trays etc Stationery products like pen barrels, scales etc. Household applications such as crystalware, kitchen containers etc. Packaging applications such as chocolate boxes, display cabinets, etc.
Other transparent articles in injection Molding applications. Replacement of SAN in several application like water filter containers, pen parts etc. Foamed meat trays, foamed labels. In an EVA situation is altered due to the effective size of the crewmember pressure suits and life support equipment.
Such clothing and equipment significantly affect the range of joint movement and influence the design layout of workspaces. Human growth projections for the anticipated period through which the space suit will be in use. Refer to Paragraph 3. The space suit is a complete anthropomorphic system that provides pressure, ventilation, humidity and thermal control. Sizing - Resizing capability among crewmembers should provided to minimize suit quantity and stowage volume required.
Environmental Protection - Space suit insulative lay-up provides environmental protection and effects bulk, volume and mobility ranges of the EMU. Glove Dexterity - Space suit gloved hand dexterity that approaches that of bare-hand operations.
Dynamic Loading - Design load values of the structure of the pressure restraints and a consideration in space suit design. The pressurized components of the suit can adequately be modeled as thin shells under pressure to determine pressure loads. In the case of longitudinal or axial loads, the loads induced by the crewmember's interaction with the suit should be accounted for as they are often larger than the pressure loads.
These loads are additive to the pressure loads that act in the axial direction. The stiffness of the axial loads distribution paths is the prime factor in making crewmember induced loads suit specific.
Controls and Displays - Suit mounted controls and displays should be selected and located in consideration of operational, visual, and volumetric constraints. Space suit gloves degrade tactile proficiency compared to bare hand operations.
Dexterity can be compared to that of heavy work gloves, many standard handles, knobs, toggle switches and buttons can be operated with EVA gloves. Attention should be given to the design of manual interfaces to preclude or minimize hand fatigue or physical discomfort.
The space suit glove assemblies should be designed to allow the hand to function with a minimum of mobility restrictions, while satisfying contact temperature and grasp retention and force requirements. The pressurized gloves should be capable of being worn for extended periods of time without undue discomfort. The gloves should also allow firm grasp retention of handholds, switches, tools, etc..
The general design consideration for the space suit gloves is to combine comfortable use with protection from workplace hazards, while permitting the full range of EVA tasks. Space Suit boots can be categorized into two types: microgravity and macrogravity. For microgravity applications, the unique function of the boot is to interface with an EVA foot restraint. A current design example is given in Paragraph For macrogravity applications, the boot should be designed to allow the foot to function with minimum of mobility restrictions to support walking, hopping, weight-bearing tasks, etc.
Data for this paragraph will be included in revisions to this document. Current design examples are given in Paragraph Current design examples are described in Paragraph Reach is a function of the anthropometry of the crewmember and the space suit design. The overall reach envelope of a suited crewmember varies according to the nature of the restraint and the requirement for one-or-two handed operation at the reach limit.
The optimum area for one or-two handed operation is centered about the upper chest and lower face area of the crewmember. Equipment and controls required to perform EVA tasks shall be located within the reach limits of the EVA crewmembers as shown in Figure Equipment, controls, displays and markings required to be seen to perform EVA tasks shall be located within the field-of-view of the EMU as shown in Figure Equipment and structures requiring EVA interfaces shall maintain minimum clearance envelopes of 20 cm 89 in high by 27 cm A work volume of 43 inch diameter shall be maintained to preclude entrapment of the suited crewman in the surrounding structure.
The EVA crewmember in a microgravity environment assumes a position dependent upon the space suit configuration. This body position might be different from the shirtsleeve or nude microgravity neutral body posture.
Excursions outside the neutral body posture are acceptable for short periods of time, but prolonged deviation, combined with strenuous tasks, should be avoided. The space suit dimensional envelope will play an important role for any task requiring the crewmember to enter into an opening as bight be required during space construction tasks or servicing of large space modules.
Minimum Working Envelope - a minimum working envelope of 20 cm 8 in. This volume will allow a gloved hand to manipulate most hand-operated controls such as latches switches, buttons, and knobs.
See Figure Gloved-Hand Clearance - When gloved-hand clearance is required adjacent to ORUs, the following dimensions should be incorporated into the design. When only tool access is required, a 2. A minimum of 7. The tool handle should be able to maintain this clearance through a full degree swept envelope. Extensive Manipulation - EVA tasks that involve extensive body and arm manipulation will require a sufficient working envelope.
The exact size will depend on the space suit and the type of task performed. A crewmember in a space suit has a restricted vision cone due to limitations imposed by the suit, helmet, and visor assembly.
For this reason, care must be taken in locating equipment at the workstations and along the translation routes to ensure that all critical hardware are easily seen. Two major approaches have been used in the development and manufacture of space suits. The first approach, used prior to STS, was to use the particular body measurements of each crewmember to build special individualized suits.
This resulted in a requirement for a large quantity of suits, the uses of which were limited to a single crewmember. Individual space suits were made up form a stocked inventory of space suit component parts and assembled to accommodate the anthropometry and comfort of each crewmember.
One training and one flight custom-fitted suit was made for each crewmember. Space suit measurement approaches should consider providing the widest range of space suit components to accommodate the fullest range of potential users with the smallest required inventory of components.
The anthropometric data for EVA crewmembers are provided in this section. These include joint motion, movement ranges, neutral body posture, and working envelopes as well as pressure suit dimensions. These data will be used as appropriate to achieve effective integration of the EVA crew and systems. There are 12 standard functions of ingress and egress or attachment by the body measurements and 28 nonstandard anthropometrics used in spacesuit sizing.
The 28 nonstandard measures are shown in Figure Note: HUT size and selection is of significant importance since it determines the required arm scye opening orientation, the LTA body seal entry closure circumferences and the waist length required. Arm Scye bearing and upper arm bearing circumferences are determined by the selected HUT size. Thumb, first knuckle circumference Thumb, second knuckle circumference Thumb length Index finger tip to thumb crotch Index metacarpal knuckle to thumb crotch Index finger first knuckle circumference.
Reference: , Table II, p. The STS EMU helmet-visor system provides a minimum unrestricted field-of-view body-fixed of o left and o right in the horizontal plane. In the vertical plane, o down and 90o up visibility is provided. No visible distortion or optical defects detectable by the unaided eye. Note: Operational field-of-vision is considerably modified by the protective extravehicular visor assembly. Manload values are derived from tests specifically designed and performed to supply information relating to pressure suit design.
In derivation of testing results, the average plus three times the standard deviation was used to represent the 95th percentile male, the worst case design loading. Thorough measurements of manloads have been done for both the Apollo and the STS space suit. The larger of the induced manloads of the two suits is taken as the worst case.
A summary of the current design manloads is shown in Figure The higher manloads generally occurred in the Apollo space suit where braided steel cables were used, with much higher stiffness than the fabric restraint lines of the Shuttle suit.
This section establishes design criteria for EVA workstations and crew restraints. For the purpose of this section, and EVA workstation will be defined as any area where pressure-suited tasks will be performed, including space suit controls and displays. A restraint will be defined as a means of stabilizing an EVA crewmember that requires physical crewmember.
EVA workstations should be designed to optimize task performance. Workstations and restraints should be designed on the basis of an EVA crewmember's safety considerations and performance capabilities and limitations. EVA Work Envelope - The reach, mobility, and field-of-view restrictions imposed by a pressure suit, and the effect of neutral body posture on the line-of-sight should be considered in workstation and restraint design. EVA Workstation Lighting - Adequate lighting should be provided at worksites to optimize task performance and preclude visual fatigue.
The work envelope, mobility range, and visual field-of-view of the suited crewmember should be considered in workstation design. EVA workstations should be designed to accommodate the characteristics of the suited female and the suited male user population. The effects of neutral body position on the EVA crewmember's line-of-sight should be taken into consideration in workstation design.
Hardware to be manipulated by an EVA crewmember should be designed to facilitate its use, removal, or replacement by a space suited crewmember. Reach and Mobility - Hardware should be within the reach envelope and mobility constraints imposed by the crewmember size, the space suit design, and crew restraints.
Clearance - Sufficient clearance should be allowed around the hardware for access by a space suited gloved hand. Visual - Access to see the work space, components, and tools necessary for task accomplishment should be provided. EVA controls and displays are similar to those for IVA, but should be designed based on the following considerations:.
Space Suit-Controls Interface-EVA control size, clearances, location, type, and actuation force should be based on the limitations imposed by the space suit and glove on the EVA crew member. Displays - Display location should be based on the visual restrictions imposed by the space suit.
Labeling - Labeling and color coding of EVA controls and displays should be consistent with IVA labeling, when possible, considering environmental visual factors such as glare, contrast, and illumination available. Lighting requirements at EVA workstations may be provided by direct or reflected solar illumination, permanently mounted lights, portable lights, or a combination of these sources.
Specular glare is created when the image of a light source is reflected from a surface in the visual field. Direct glare is produced by a light source located within the visual field. Provisions should be made for reducing both types of glare. Luminance Ratio - The ratio between the luminance of objects and the surrounding area.
A luminance ratio should be set that optimizes performance for the level of task detail. Higher luminance ratios are desirable for finer detail work.
Contrast - The difference between the luminance an object or feature and its background. Human attention tends to be attracted to high contrast elements in the visual environments. Refer to Paragraph 8. Safety - The lack of convective currents to take away heat means that physical protection should be provided to eliminate any thermal safety hazards. Exterior Light Controls - Light controls for permanently installed exterior lighting should be located both at the exterior and interior of the space module at convenient locations.
Failure to provide adequate restraint can be the single most limiting factor of all EVA design elements. Inadequate restraint induces unnecessarily high workloads and may lead to crew fatigue, overloading of the life support system, and premature termination of the EVA.
Inadequate restraint also increases the potential for equipment damage during EVA operations. Restraints for each workstation should be selected on the basis of the task to be performed.
Tethers and handholds may be adequate for short-term tasks such as inspection and monitoring. Foot restraints should be provided for tasks requiring moderate-to-heavy force application and long-term positioning. Preinstalled handholds and handrails should be used. Crew-attached or portable handrails, handholds, and foot restraints should be considered for non-routine or unplanned EVA workstations.
This section defines the design requirements for EVA workstations and restraints. Requirements driven by EVA anthropometry, crew restraints, hardware design for EVA access, control and display specifications, and lighting required at the workstation are included. EVA workstations shall be designed based on the reach envelopes, field-of-view, and neutral body posture of the space suited crewmember defined in Paragraph Glove Interface - All controls with the potential to be operated by an EVA crewmember shall be operable by a crew member wearing a pressurized EVA space suit glove.
Switches - Guarded switches shall be employed where possible. Mechanical Feedback - Mechanical control feedback shall be sufficient to override space suit glove attenuation so that the EVA crewmember receives positive indication that the control function is completed. The mechanical feedback actuation force shall be detectable but not less that Load - EVA controls shall withstand crew-imposed loads of 1, Newtons in all directions or be protected from these loads.
Inadvertent Actuation - Protection shall be provided for all EVA controls to prevent inadvertent actuation. Toggle switches mounted on the pressure suit in sagittal or the transverse plane shall have their normal EVA operational position toward the crewmember.
Spacing - Control spacing shall permit selective operation of individual controls by a space suited crewmember. Loads - EVA displays shall withstand crew-imposed contact loads in all directions or be protected from these loads. Field-of-View - EVA displays shall be located within the field-of-view permitted by the pressure suit and restraint system.
Attachment - EVA labels shall be mechanically or permanently attached to the mounting surface. Color Coding - Color coding shall be used only when adequate white illumination is available at the EVA workstation. Illumination categories and value ranges for generic EVA activities are presented in Figure EVA satellite servicing worksite; hand tool utilization for simple, non-hazardous repair missions.
Illumination shall be adequate for task-specific requirements during both day and night conditions. Glare - EVA lighting shall not cause excessive glare or create any other annoyance to the crew. Field-of-View - Light sources at workstations shall not be located within 1. Diffuse Lighting - Diffuse lighting shall be used and highly polished surfaces shall be avoided.
Fixtures - Light source shall provide even illumination. Fixtures shall be designed to direct light into the desired area without causing visual discomfort to the crew. Light fixtures located close to workstations shall be designed to protect the crewmembers from thermal and physical hazards. Lumination Ratio - The luminance ratio at workstations shall conform to the following minimum specifications:.
Portable Lights - Portable lights shall be provided for unplanned maintenance, emergencies, and task performance where adequate fixed illumination is not available. Exterior Light Controls - Light controls for permanently installed exterior lighting shall be located both at the exterior and interior of the space module at convenient locations.
Light Beam Spread - The lighting system shall have sufficient beam spread from a normal plane to provide the crewmember with good peripheral visual orientation.
Force Exertion - Foot restraints shall be used for actuation or operation of equipment which requires the crewmember to exert forces exceeding those given in Figure EVA waist tether restraint systems may be used when actuation or operation of equipment does not require forces and durations greater than those specified in Figure Shall be designed to permit easy insertion and removal of pressure suit boots by the crewmember.
Shall have a handle that will fit the gloved hand of a space-suited crewmember, allow the hook to be free for utilization, and have a minimum length of 9. Shall have design features that indicate whether the latch lock is engaged or disengaged, and to indicate direction for engaging and disengaging the lock. Safety tether attachment hooks shall be removed and attachable by one-handed operation and employ a redundant lock feature such as push-to-open buttons that must be operated to disengage or release a tether.
Shall provide a contingency method for removal of a snagged tether or release of a crewmember from a tether hook. Airlock - Provide handrails and tether attach points and other personnel restraints at the interior and exterior of the airlock. One-Handed Operations - All EVA equipment tethers shall be designed such that tether attachment and removal methods permit one-handed operation using a pressure suit glove. Tether Attachment Points - All equipment items shall be provided a standardized tether hook receptacle shown in Figure This standardized receptacle shall also be provided on the interfacing surface to which the item is to be secured.
Text: Maximum dimension 0. Included in this section are EVA workstation lighting and restraint designs that have been successfully employed in the past. EVA lighting requirements have been satisfied in the STS program through permanently mounted and portable lights.
Seven cargo bay flood lights provide a minimum of lux fc. Lights mounted on the space suit helmet have been employed to supplement permanently mounted lights. The four EMU lights, shown in Figure Each of the four lamps produces lux 20 fc. A second example of portable lighting is the EVA flashlight, shown in Figure The light is mounted on a flexible neck and a mirror is provided to further aid visibility into inaccessible areas.
The portable foot restraint PFR is a working platform that restraints the crewmember during the performance of EVA tasks. A two-axis roll and pitch gimbal system with lock knobs is provided for adjustment and positioning. The PFR is shown in Figure An EVA waist tether is shown in Figure The tether is made of Nomex webbing and is approximately 91 cm 36 in.
Opening of the two hooks requires that the push-to-open buttons on each side be depressed simultaneously while the hook is squeezed. The larger hook attaches to the space module and the smaller hook attaches to the EMU. Two waist tethers may be attached to the EMU. Hook diameter recommended 19 mm 0. This section details the design considerations and requirements for EVA mobility and translation.
EVA translation routes, aids, and restraints are discussed. The EVA airlock, passageways, and equipment transfer are also included. The capabilities of the suited crewmember should be taken into consideration in the design of translation and equipment transfer tasks and hardware.
Cross Section of the Translation Route - The cross section of a translation route should have enough clearance for unimpaired movement. The selection of dimensions must consider the number of crew translating simultaneously along its route, the size of the space suit to be used, the size of equipment that may be in the translation path simultaneously, and the intrusion of translations aids into the path.
The translation path dimension Y is determined by the following:. The required clearance is design specific. A circular corridor and a square corridor will require different clearances depending on the corridor dimensions selected, the EMU and the equipment configuration. Translation Paths Bottlenecks - When a program selects the design of translation paths, consideration of the human productivity loss associated with bottlenecks in frequently traveled paths should be made.
EVA Hatches and Doors - Hatches and doors should be sized to provide adequate clearance for easy transfer. Hatches between space and the crew compartment should be hinged such that the higher pressure of the crew compartment aids in the sealing of the hatch to provide crew assist for this function.
The EVA hatches should be easy to operate from either side with disassembly of actuators possible emergency ingress from the outside. The greatest momentum of the largest combination of EVA crew and transported objects should be considered when establishing the design loads for the mobility aids and aid attachments. Mobility aids, along a possible EVA crew translation route, should at least consider the design load required for the rescue of another EVA crewmember. Mobility aids should be designed and positioned to provide translation stability at the translation rates expected for the translation route and through direction changes in the route.
Appropriate crew safety restraints should be provided for all translation routes to ensure crew safety. Restraints should be provided for EVA equipment, and transferred equipment. The greatest momentum of the largest combination of EVA crew and transported objects should be considered when establishing the design loads for the restraints and restraint attachments.
Restraints along possible EVA crew translation routes should at least consider the design loads required for the rescue of another EVA crewmember. Translation aids should be designed and positioned to minimize interference with the stability of translation at the expected translation rates even through direction changes.
Restraints should be positioned such that the crewman is restrained at all times. Larger view of the external airlock and its carrier equipment. The general view is the same as the picture shown near the top of this page. External airlock, view from the starboard, looking toward port. Show mounting of the suit in its rack on the wall of the airock. External side view, with docking adaptor as used in the recent missions to the Mir space station.
Refer to the table above for dimensional data. Top view of the external airlock with its carrier. The carrier carries structural loads through trunnion pins to the Orbiter payload bay sill. The file name is misleading. This is actually an auxiliary drawing of the hatch, showing its dimensions:. Dimensions of the internal airlock: inches cm D Internal volume of the airlock is cubic feet. Adding 3 space suits reduces this to cubic feet.
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