You can find the names of XCertificate stores for the sourceStorename and destinationStorename parameters by compiling and running the following code. For more information about certificates, see Working with Certificates. The following command displays a default system store called my with verbose output. The following command adds all the certificates in a file called myFile. The following command adds the certificate in a file named testcert.
The following command adds the certificate in a file named TrustedCert. The following command saves a certificate with the common name myCert in the my system store to a file called newCert. The following command deletes all CTLs in the my system store and saves the resulting store to a file called newStore.
The following command saves a certificate in the my system store in the file newFile. You will be prompted to enter the certificate number from my to put in newFile. Skip to main content. This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Contents Exit focus mode. Is this page helpful? Please rate your experience Yes No. Any additional feedback? Note The Certificate Manager tool Certmgr. Submit and view feedback for This product This page. View all page feedback.
In this article. You can see an example output of this below. Another common store is, the Personal store. Your certificates for this store are located on the file system rather than the Registry. In the following commands we will show these different physical paths and their purposes. Each file in the directory, returned by the command below, corresponds to a certificate installed in the Personal current user store.
Each file returned in the below command is a reference to the object for a private key created by the Key Storage Provider KSP. The file name corresponds to the Subject Key Identifier of the certificate. Each private key you install will have a corresponding file added. Each file in the directory returned by the below command is the unique container for the encrypted private key created by the KSP.
There is no direct relationship between the file name and the certificate, but the file is the target of the pointer in the earlier command. Since working with certificates in their physical paths is uncommon, you will be working with the logical stores for the rest of the examples.
When you are working with certificates you will need a way to filter and select certificates to perform specific operations against. Most of the time you will filter and select certificates based on the value of a specific extension. For the following examples you need to start by listing all installed certificates in the root CA store.
Common extensions are already available as properties of the certificate objects. In the below example you are using Get-Member to list all the properties of the returned objects. As you can see in Figure 9, some of these extensions, like Issuer, are helpful for finding the certificate you are looking for. Extensions supply information about the certificate, such as who it is issued to, what it can be used for, and any restrictions on it.
In more complex use cases you will want to find certificates by other extensions, like the certificate template used. The difficulty is the values for these extensions return as an array of integers. These integers correspond to ASN.
The existing ScriptProperties available on the object show examples for interfacing with these. In the below command you will pull the Key Usages manually to see this relationship. The new piece we introduce in the above command is the format method, which performs the ASN. You pass it a boolean value e. You will use the Thumbprint value from the certificate in Figure 7 in the below command. The Thumbprint value is set as a PowerShell variable and used to select the specific certificate in the below commands.
Self-signed certificates are useful for testing as they allow you to generate a public and private key pair without the use of a CA. In the example below, PowerShell is generating a public and private key pair, a self-signed certificate, and installing them all into the appropriate certificate stores. Using self-signed certificates for production services is not encouraged as all the trust-based mechanisms do not exist. Public key cryptography is fundamentally based on the public key being widely accessible.
Given this tenement you need standard ways to effectively share certificates. Equally as important is security of your private keys.
Storing private keys in inaccessible media, or with disaster recovery materials is a common practice for certain private keys. Both of these require ways to store these cryptographic objects in standard formats. Exporting provides the functions to perform storing of these objects and ensure they use widely accepted standard file formats. Importing allows you to bring the cryptographic objects into Windows operating systems.
Exporting certificates from the MMC is relatively straight forward. To export a certificate without a private key, click on the certificate in the MMC, click on the All Tasks menu and then on Export.
During the export, you will be asked for a file format as shown below. The most common options are DER or Base encoded. The dialog box that opens shows the access control entries for the private keys. When those two or three prerequisites are met you can select a certificate, click on All Tasks and then on Export just like you would with a certificate with only a public key.
When exported, you should now have option to select Yes, export the private key as shown below. When you export a private key in Windows you can only save the file as a PFX. These file types and encoding formats are detailed at length in this post. For the remaining settings shown in the export wizard, you can use the defaults. The below table is a quick rundown of each. The import function is the same for all supported certificate file types.
Windows will leverage the Certificate Import Wizard. When you use the Certificate Import Wizard for a PFX you will need to supply the password used to encrypt the private key. Here is another recap of the import options.
PowerShell code signing certificates are a good use case for strong private key protection. Automatic placement of certificates can be something of which to be cautious. You will likely have the best results manually selecting the certificate store. Now, with PowerShell export one of the self-signed certificates you created earlier. In the example the Current User is used, but you can use either. Below, you are selecting a certificate in the Current User Personal logical store that was self-signed, meaning where the issuer matches the subject.
Now that you selected a certificate, you can use the Export-Certificate command to save a DER encoded file using the command below. Now lets look at exporting the private key as well. Below you are verifying that the certificate you selected has a private key, if this does not return true, then the Get-Item command likely selected the wrong certificate.
Below you will set a password to use for encrypting the private key. Then export the selected certificate into a PFX file and use the password you entered earlier to encrypt the file.
Similarly to exporting, there are two commands. One command for importing certificates and one for importing PFX files. Keep in mind that the password needs to be a Secure String. As well, if you are importing to the Local Machine store e. In the above example, you also use the Exportable parameter with the command, marking the private key as exportable in the future.
The default is to not be exportable. Exportable private keys are another security consideration, and deserves further focus on how you secure them. When removing certificates you need to keep in mind there is no Recycle Bin. This means it is critical to confirm you are deleting the correct certificate by validating a unique identifier, like the Serial Number or Thumbprint extension value.
Below you can see the Thumbprint, Serial Number, and Subject properties for the selected certificate to ensure it is the certificate you intend to select.
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